Thursday, July 22, 2010

Mountain Talk




Mountain Talk






In Appalachia, we know where you're from by the way you talk.

By Betty Dotson-Lewis


In the corner of Appalachia where Tennessee meets Virginia, where this photo was taken, dialect is more southern. Mountaineers like to talk and you can tell what part of Appalachia people come from by the words they use. Karen Stuebing, photographer

Hi, Y’all.

Maps are essential in locating and describing where people live in our country. Some who are proficient in map talk, refer to latitude and longitude when pinpointing a specific state, town or region.

However, people who live in the heart of the Appalachia region spreading across the mountains of West Virginia, southwestern Virginia, western North Carolina, northwestern South Carolina, northern Georgia, Alabama, eastern Tennessee and Kentucky are quickly and easily identified not by lines on a map, but by their dialect.

My home is located high in the mountains of West Virginia — Latitude: 38.28 N, Longitude: 80.84. I speak the mountain dialect of the central coalfields of West Virginia: “Hi, How are Y’all? I live in the holler by a crick close to my kin.”

My parents migrated to central West Virginia from Southwest Virginia. They held on to their Virginia accent which was noticeably different from their children’s speech. They said things like: wite, nite, lite, youins.

West Virginia is the boundary state between the North and South. There is no single West Virginia dialect. Instead it depends on what part of the state you live in.

For example, if you live in the northern part of the state, which borders Ohio and Pennsylvania, the accent is more northern. The primary marker being the long “l” sound. Residents in the interior of the state speak more like people from Kentucky or southern Virginia. Residents of the southern counties have a very pronounced southern twang.

Regardless of where you live in West Virginia, we are all blessed with a bit of that southern twang. The further you go into the mountains – the more twang and colloquialism you will find.

So, come with me on a dialect journey into the Appalachian Mountains.

Linguists refer to the southern mountain dialect as the folk speech of Appalachia. The archaic speech can be narrowed down to sort of a Scottish-flavored Elizabethan English. Dialect variations can be traced to immigration patterns. The southeastern coalfields of West Virginia were settled by miners immigrating from Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Along the Ohio River, which was more industrialized, a large number of the immigrants came from Eastern Europe.

There are communities in the southern part of the state that are almost entirely African-American. Mine owners brought in former slaves during the mine wars of the 1800s to replace the striking miners, and because these communities remained segregated, the dialects of the southern slaves lived on in the speech.

I have compiled a list of words and phrases commonly used in mountain dialect and their standard English translation:

Holped – helped

Heered – heard

Deef – deaf
Afreared – afraid
Blinked milk – sour milk
Weary – worry

Near – nigh
Reckon – suppose

Backset – Backset of the flu

Ill – bad-tempered

Gom – Mess

Fillum – Film

Pert-near – almost

Ahr — hour 

Am-Bew-Lance — ambulance (Call an am-bew-lance.) 

A-mite — a little (You're lookin' a-mite peak-ed today.) 

Arthur-itis — arthritis (Dad’s arthur-itis is really actin' up.)

Bar — bear (Llnes, tagers and bars, oh my.)

Battree — battery (The car’s battree is daid.)

Beholden — owe (I don't want to be beholden to you.)

Briggity — egotistical (The young man is acting briggity agin.)

Book Red — educated (He went to college -- he's book red.) 

Cheer — chair ( Pull up a cheer and set a spell.)

Choirpractor — chiropractor (If you are down in the back, go to the choirpractor.)

Co-cola — Coca Cola, any brown soft drink (I ordered a co-cola at the diner.) 

Crick – stiffness (I’ve got a crick in my neck.)

Decoration Day – Memorial Day (We visited the family cemetery on Decoration Day.)

Ate Up – completely infected (Dave’s ate up with the cancer.)

Elm — "m" The thirteenth letter of the alphabet. (Dial Elm for Murder.)

Far — fire (The mountain is on far.)

Haint — ghost (from haunt) (I’m afraid I will see a haint in that house.)

Hard — hired (He was the hard hand on the farm.)

His people — relatives (His people came from Ireland.)

Het — upset (She got het up over the contract.) 

Hisself – himself (He built the barn hisself.)

Ideal – idea (Try to come up with a good ideal.)

Ink pin – pen (Give him the ink pin.)

Kin – related (He is kin to most of the people in this holler.)

Outsider — A non southern West Virginian (Mountain folk are skeptical of the outsider.)

Parts — neighborhood (It is good to see you back in these parts.)

Pizen — poison (That snake is pizen.)

Plain spoken — honest or genuine (The people trusted Jim because he was plain spoken.)

Poke — bag or a sack (She carried the groceries home in a poke.)

Polecat — skunk (A polecat ran under the old building.)

Put Out — angry or upset (The mayor was put out with the council’s decision.)

Red Light – stop light or traffic signal (My town has one red light.)

Skittish — nervous (The boy was skittish when asked to recite a Bible verse.) 

Spell — a while. (She stayed on the mountain for a spell.)

Spell — being lightheaded or dizzy. (The woman had a spell in the doctor’s office.) 

Thar — there (Thar's a pretty little pony in the field.) 

Wrastlin’ – wrestling (My son is on the wrastlin’ team.)
Actin' Up — hurting (His injured knee was actin’ up.)
Agen — against 

Bile – boil

Brung — brought 

Carry — take or drive

Churched — excommunicated 

Drug — dragged 
Et — eaten 

Holt — hold 

Kindly — nearly 

Learned — taught 

Mosey — go to 

Pack — carry 

Peart — well 

Plumb — completely

Reckon — guess 

Retched — reached 

Rinch — rinse 

Sangin' — digging up ginseng

Worsh — wash

Monday a week — next monday

Shore — sure 

Down in the back — back injury

Cut the light on — turn the light on 

I don’t care — Yes, please. I would like some. (Do you want more coffee? I don’t care.)

Worshington - Washington

One North Carolina scholar uses the term "constellation of features" in describing the distinctive mountain speech.


Here are some of my Kentucky relatives, Jean D. Fuller on the left and Judy D. Coyle on the right. There is a commonality between the dialect spoken in Southwestern Virginia and Eastern Kentucky.
For example, the letter “t” is added at the end of words such as “across” and “twice” making the words “acrosst” and “twice” becomes “twicet”. This pronunciation was common among English speakers centuries ago and Appalachia is the only region that has held on to the pronunciation.

The pronunciation of the letter “i” is much different in certain words such as “light” and “fire” than in other parts of the U.S. “Light” sounds like “laht” and “fire” sounds like “far”.

Hollow becomes Butcher Holler in Loretta Lynn’s song about her East Kentucky homeplace, Coalminer’s Daughter.

Mountain folk are famous for coining their own words to express a thought or observation. The word “sigogglin,” for example, means something that is crooked.

In rural Southern Appalachia an "n" is added to pronouns indicating "one" or ownership. So, "his'n" means "his one", "her'n" means "her one" and "yor'n" "your one," i.e., "his, hers and yours." Another example is the word “yernses” or yours. “That new car is yernses.”
 Use of the word "dove" as past tense for dive, "drug" as past tense for drag and "drunk" as past tense for drink are grammatical features characteristic of older Southern American English and the newer Southern American English.

Outsiders are often confused by the use of the word y’all, meaning the second person plural of you. When speaking about a group, y’all is general. You know the group of people as a whole. All y’all is more specific. This means you know each and every person individually in that group. Y’all can also be used with the standard “s” possessive. “I’ve got y’all’s assignments ready.”

Here are some other expressions contributed by some of my Facebook friends:
Virginia Winebrenner Sykes: This is a good site," idn't" it? I hear so many people, including my mountain girl self, say "isn't" this way. Another one, I don't say, but have heard said is brefkast instead of breakfast.

Anna Dennison Circle: Whoppin – whipping; boosh – bush; dropped her calf – gave birth; peak’ed – pale; gone and done it again; smitten – likes; yonder – over there; and nary – none,

Shirley Tinney: "If'n” is a word I've heard.

Sue Underwood Mergler: How about "over yonder"? My boys pulled me aside one day after a visit to West Virginia and wanted to know were Yonder was, because Granny was always talking about it.

Builder Levy: Back in the early ' 70s when I was visiting and photographing in Mingo County and I would ask Nimrod Workman and other old timers I would meet, how are you doing, the answer would be, “Terrible!"

Pat Williams: Feeling "tolable like" meaning pretty good.

Karen Butler Britt: Stilts or Tom Walkers; toboggan-hat or sled; Jennie or mule; church key or bottle opener; leather britches aren't pants but dried green beans. Hominy is corn kernels soaked and cooked in lye to remove it from its kernel. Huckleberries are wild blueberries. Icebox was a refrigerator with a huge block of ice to keep food cool. Mule trader wasn't someone who traded mules but would trade pretty much anything for a good deal.

Although this unique mountain dialect is changing, losing some of its distinctiveness, it is not going to disappear in the near future -- with 20 million people living in the Appalachian region.

Bye y’all.




Comments19 July 2010 - 9:23am — editor
"Buddy"
Eastern Kentucky coal miners refer to each other (and those they are talking with) as "buddy."

"I'll tell you now, buddy, it's hard work." "Hey, buddy, pass me some salt."

I don't know if the use of "buddy" in this familiar, friendly way extends to West Virginia coal mining places.

20 July 2010 - 7:14am — Tipper
Southern Highlands of Appalachia
Wonderful post!! I live in the Southern Highlands of Appalachia-born and raised as they say-and most all the words shared in this post are familiar to me. I write about all things Appalachian at www.blindpigandtheacorn.com Each month I have an Appalachian Vocabulary Test-you can go here to see them: http://www.blindpigandtheacorn.com/blind_pig_the_acorn/appalachian-dialect/

My favorite part of your post-is where you state our lovely dialect isn't going to dissappear anytime soon-I so agree. The wonder of the Appalachian Dialect is alive and well in my neck of the woods-and I'm trying to ensure it stays that way too!!

Thank you for celebrating our rich language.

Tipper

20 July 2010 - 8:19am — shaina
Fixin

One thing I didn't see on the list that I say and hear people say all the time is, "fixin".

Like, "I'm fixin to leave."

A friend of mines brother from New Hampshire heard me say that and said, "You're fixin? What are you fixin?" So I had to explain to him that it meant, about to.


20 July 2010 - 9:19am — Dr.Townsend
Our phrases
Even though I went off to school and came back, I feel that I did lose some of my accent. I realize that I should be proud of my Appalachian twang and the phrases my parents used (and I still use).

I was in Connecticut a few years ago. I was at a conference and someone asked me how I was going to get back to the airport in a couple days. I told them that I had a ticket to take a shuttle van back to the airport. The new colleague said, "Would you like to ride with me to the airport." I responded, "I wouldn't care to." She looked at me funny and asked, "Does that mean you want a ride or you don't want a ride?" ... www.dailyyonder.com

Tuesday, July 6, 2010

Robert C. Byrd's successor


West Virginia's newspapers are filled with questions, comments regarding the successor to West Virginia's Senate seat of Robert C. Byrd. Byrd died on June 27, 2010 at the age of 92. He was the longest serving Senator.

Age and length of sevice are important but more importantly is what Byrd's life represented. He was orphaned at the age of one or two so he never really knew his parents. An aunt and uncle adopted him and moved him from his birth state of North Carolina to the coalfields of southern West Virginia.

His adopted father made a living for the family by working in and around the coal mines. The family moved around to different coal camps. Byrd, at a young age, adopted the strongest work ethics and a strong desire for education. He loved his country. His desire to serve led him to politics. He made bad mistakes but he acknowledged those mistakes and told his people why he acted as he did. He said that he became a member of the KKK to gain political support from powerful people -
rich people who could help him win elections.

While I was working on my first book on Appalachia - titled: Appalachia Spirit Triumphant (a cultural odyssey of Appalachia by B. L. Dotson-Lewis (2004) I called Sen. Byrd's office frequently. I spoke with Martha Ann McIntosh, his assistant. She arranged for me to get a story about Robert C. Byrd for my book. She told if I could come to D.C. she felt positive I could see Byrd in person. I never did get to go.

I did meet him in Beckley at the Regional Airport. I heard he was coming in so I asked a friend, Joan Moore, if she wanted to go over and meet Sen. Byrd. We met him as he got off the plane. He was so nice and friendly. He hugged us. He was warm and kind.

For all the talk about Sen. Byrd's replacement - it cannot happen. Whomever gets the seat - it is a filler - not a replacement. Robert C. Byrd was one of a kind. He was our West Virginian.

Thursday, July 1, 2010

Mountaintop Removal



By Betty Dotson-Lewis
As a resident of West Virginia, the mountaintop removal area I have firsthand information on the mining method. I can see the smooth crest of the mountain which used to be a jagged natural rise (a sludge pond is behind that smoothness) from my home. One sludge pond is right above a facility which used to house an elementary school until the school was closed. Now, the facility houses a home for wayward children.


I too, like Silas House, encourage the President to take an aerial journey over our destroyed heritage, our mountains. However, I believe some of the reasons the past, present and future of mountaintop removal remains in the hands of (our) West Virginia politicians. When top ranking officials are in favor of mountaintop removal and tell those in D.C. West Virginia cannot survive without this form of the removal of coal - why would a President think differently. Also, the miners are scared to death there will be no other jobs and even though for many it is not their choice of coal mining - they think it is better than welfare.

Please understand until our state top ranking political officials take a stand to stop mountaintop removal - it is going to be very difficult to get the President to stop this devastation to one of the most beautiful, rugged mountain regions in Appalachia.


PS. I do believe Sen. Byrd was lending in the direction of finding alternative methods - now, he is gone. We can only pray that Gov. Manchin will appoint a successor who cares more about the people and the environment (the mountains) than huge, profit making absentee coal barons.